Profit & Loss Calculator India 2026 | Business P&L Statement

Profit is Revenue minus all Expenses on paper (per P&L). Cash Flow is actual cash in/out of your business. You can be profitable but cash-negative (money stuck in inventory/receivables). Conversely, you can have positive cash but be unprofitable. Monitor both carefully—profit determines taxes, cash flow determines survival.

COGS includes ONLY direct costs to produce what you sold: (1) Raw materials, (2) Direct production labor, (3) Manufacturing overhead directly tied to production. COGS does NOT include: office salaries, marketing, rent for head office, admin staff. Many businesses inflate COGS incorrectly—review with your CA to ensure accuracy.

Track separately: Beginning Inventory + Purchases + Production Costs - Ending Inventory = COGS for each product. If you can't track by product, allocate based on production volume/weight/labor hours. Use weighted-average method for simplicity. This is critical for identifying which products are truly profitable.

EBITDA = Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation, Amortization. It shows core business cash generation (excludes financing and accounting adjustments). Investors use EBITDA multiples (3-10x) to value businesses. A ₹10Cr EBITDA business worth ₹30-100Cr. Early-stage companies prioritize EBITDA growth over profitability.

For tax purposes in India, WDV (Written Down Value/accelerated) is mandatory. It gives higher depreciation early (more tax savings initially). For financial reporting, companies often use straight-line (simpler, predictable). File taxes with WDV, financial statements with straight-line (if different). Consult your CA on disclosures.

Yes. Depreciation is not about loan repayment; it's systematic allocation of asset cost. Whether you paid cash or financed with loan, you claim depreciation annually until residual value. The only exception: Upon sale, it becomes a capital gain/loss transaction.

Yes, business loss offsets salary income (same individual filing return). However, if you show continuous losses (3+ years), IT department may disallow the business as 'hobby' (not genuine venture). Keep detailed records proving business legitimacy. Also, if you stop the business, remaining losses lapse.

Ideally monthly (to catch issues early and manage actively). Minimum quarterly. For tax compliance, annual P&L closed by March 31. Monthly P&Ls reveal spending patterns, seasonal trends, and profit leaks you can plug quickly.

Highly industry-dependent: Retail 2-5%, Manufacturing 10-20%, Services 20-35%, Software 30-50%. If significantly below industry average, investigate: COGS too high (negotiate suppliers, improve efficiency) or OpEx too high (reduce rent, staff). Benchmark yourself against competitors.

GST does NOT affect P&L (profit/loss) calculation on paper. Revenue and Expenses in P&L are NET of GST. GST is 'pass-through' (collected from customers, paid to government). GST impacts Cash Flow (timing of collection vs payment) and Balance Sheet, but NOT profitability.

Only if expenses are legitimate business costs. Inflating OpEx risks IT audit, penalties, and imprisonment. Smart tax planning: Claim all REAL allowable deductions (R&D, employee benefits, professional services). But buying unnecessary items to reduce profit is foolish—you save 30% tax but lose 100% of the cash.

Gross Profit = Revenue - COGS (shows production efficiency). Net Profit = Revenue - ALL Expenses - Tax (shows true profitability). Gross Profit useful for pricing decisions. Net Profit tells investors/lenders if business is viable. Always focus on NET profit for real assessment.

Common methodology: Valuation = EBITDA × Multiple (3-10x depending on growth, risk, industry). So ₹10Cr EBITDA × 5x = ₹50Cr valuation. Other methods: Revenue multiples (1-3x), PE analysis, DCF. Get professional valuation done before raising funds or selling business.

Non-deductible: Personal expenses (meals at home), entertainment (largely disallowed), penalties/fines, bribes/illegal payments, depreciation already claimed in prior years. Partially deductible: Vehicle expenses (limited %), certain meals (50%), club memberships. Consult CA—rules are evolving.